References - Faculty & Student Issues
References - Faculty & Student Issues
"In one study, first done in 1968 and then replicated in 1983, college students were asked to rate identical articles to specific criteria. The authors' names attached to the articles were clearly male or female, but were reversed for each group of raters: what one group thought had been written by a male, the second group thought had been written by a female, and vice versa. Articles supposedly written by women were consistently ranked lower than when the very same articles were thought to have been written by a male. 28 In a similar study, department chairs were asked to make hypothetical hiring decisions and to assign faculty rank on the basis of vitae. For vitae with male names, chairs recommended the rank of associate professor; however, the identical vita with a female name merited only the rank of assistant professor. 29 These and many other studies show that in academe as in other settings the same professional accomplishments are seen as superior in quality and worthy of higher rewards when attributed to men than when they are attributed to women. 30"footnotes:
"28. Philip Goldberg, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?" Trans-Action, Vol. 5, 1968, pp.28-30. Several more recent studies have confirmed Goldberg's findings. Among them are Michele A. Paludi and Lisa A. Strayer, "What's in an Author's Name? Differential Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's Name," Sex Roles, Vol. 12, Nos. 3/4, 1985, pp.353-361; and Michele A. Paludi and William D. Bauer, "Goldberg Revisited; What's in an Author's Name," Sex Roles, Vol. 9, No.3, 1983, pp. 387-390."
"29. L.S. Fidell, "Empirical Verification of Sex Discrimination in Hiring Practices in Psychology," R.K. Unger and F.L. Denmark, eds., Woman: Dependent or Independent Variable, Psychological Dimensions, NY, 1975 as cited in Geis, Carter and Butler, Research on Seeing and Evaluating People, p. 22."
"30. For an overview of research in this area see Geis, Carter, and Butler, Research on Seeing and Evaluating People and Veronica F. Nieva and Barbara Gutek, "Sex Effects of Evaluation," The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1980, pp. 267-276."
"The general tendency to devalue women and their work is illustrated by a series of similar studies in which two groups of people were asked to evaluate particular items, such as articles, paintings, or resumes. The names attached to the items were clearly either male or female, but reversed for each group of evaluators--that is, what one group believed was written or painted by a man, the other believed was written or painted by a woman. Regardless of the items, when they were ascribed to a man they were rated higher than when they were ascribed to a woman. In many of these studies, women evaluators were as likely as men to downgrade those items ascribed to women. (12)"footnotes:
"12. For a current Overview and discussion, see Veronica F. Nieva and Barbara A. Gutek, "Sex Effects on Evaluation," The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1980, pp. 267-276; and F.L. Geis, M.R. Carter and D.J. Butler, Research on Seeing and Evaluating People, Office of Women's Affairs, University of Delaware, 1982. Several of the more recent studies indicate that women may be beginning to evaluate clearly competent women more fairly. See Frieze (note 15), pp. 167-68."